Thus, adjusting the configuration of the mouth alters R1 and R2, and this in turn changes which harmonics are emphasized. Further, we can vary resonance frequencies by moving our tongue, lips, jaw, and so on. The two lowest frequency resonances, R1 (approximately 300 to 900 Hz) and R2 (approximately 800 to 3,000 Hz), play an important role in speech, providing high power for harmonics of fundamental frequencies that are close to them. Harmonics that fall at or near these resonance frequencies are most efficiently radiated as sound. The vocal tract-the "pipe" between the voice box and the mouth-has a series of resonance frequencies (R1, R2, R3, et cetera), which provide an effective transfer of acoustic power from the vibrating vocal folds to the surrounding air.
In contrast, the lower fundamental frequencies of male voices cannot compete as easily with the power of an orchestra male singers, therefore, must often rely on their higher harmonics in order to be heard.Ĭlassically trained sopranos also make use of a technique called "resonance tuning" to intensify the vibrations of the vocal folds and increase the power of the voice. Sopranos have an advantage over lower voices, such as the bass and tenor: Due to their higher range, the auditory frequency at which they sing, as represented by their fo, lies in the neighborhood of frequencies to which the ear is most sensitive. Usually, the fundamental frequency has the greatest acoustic power, but the very high harmonics, although less powerful, have the advantage of residing in a range above about 3,000 Hz, where the orchestral accompaniment provides less competition. The complicated motion of the vocal folds means that speech and singing also contain a series of harmonics-which are basically multiples of the frequency in question-with frequencies of 2fo, 3fo, 4fo, and so on. In contrast, a soprano's fundamental frequency ranges anywhere from 250 to 1,500 Hz.
In normal speech fo is typically between 100 to 220 hertz (Hz), or vibrations per second. The folds vibrate at a fundamental frequency, fo, which determines the pitch of the sound.
In both speech and singing, we produce sustained vowel sounds by using vibrations of our vocal folds-small flaps of mucous membrane in our voice box (or Adams apple)-that periodically interrupt the airflow from the lungs. John Smith, a physicist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, belts out an answer to this query.
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